Особливості пошкодження пожежами лісів Полісся [Features of forest damage after wildfires in Polissya]
Journal Title: Наукові праці Лісівничої академії наук України - Year 2016, Vol 14, Issue
Abstract
Nowadays forest fires have become a major problem in many countries and cause extensive losses. Despite of significant rainfall a problem of fires remains pressing issue for the forests of the Rivne region. During the period 2002-2015 455 fires were registered in the forests managed by the Rivne Regional Administration of Forest and Hunting Management with 353.7 hectares of damaged area. Trends of the fire development vary significantly both in time and in space.There were seven years during 2002-2015 in which 87 percent of all fires had occurred. The frequency and adverse effects of wildfires increase sharply in drought years. The present study focused on pine stands damage caused by surface fires. It is based on the concept of heat transfer, namely, on three types of heat distribution and the study results of pine stands damage on 35 permanent and 24 temporary sam-ple plots laid during 2012-2016 in the forests of Rivne Administration of Forest and Hunting Management. Although there were more than 600 mm of rainfall annually during 2012-2014, during the peak of fire occurrence amount of precipitation ranged from 390 to 465 mm. The temperature was notably above the long-term norm, which coincides with the approval of the air temperature increase in Ukraine. Damage caused by convective heat transfer was noted only in the young pine stands. The damage of the trunk was dominated in pine stands in dry and fresh hy-grotops, and, along with that, the thermal conductivity of the soil constitutes a special hazard in wet and moist hygrotops. In Polissya, the forest features which determine the occurrence and effects of forest fire are significant reserves and moisture of litter. Risk of fire and burning rate of litter depend on its humidity. Top layer burns quickly and lower ones do slowly. This is extremely dangerous because the intensive development of root systems in litter layer is peculiar to wet and moist conditions. Furthermore, pine trees form root spurs in such conditions. The refore, burning con-siderable reserves of dry litter causes irreparable damage of root systems. The situation becomes dangerous when huge reserves of litter mortmass have dried. This critical situation occurred in 2015 when weather conditions had been ab-normally dry. In most cases, combined damage of stem and crown was noted, and in wet hygrotops the root spurs as well. A common type of heat transfer was convective mode. Another negative effect was a significant fire damage of first order roots re-sulting in tree falling. Immediately after the fire, the pine stands with trunk damage as well as with root and trunk damage had the lowest condition index. Trees with crown damage had the highest index of tree condition. Dechromation level of most of trees exceeded 70%, and for 30-48% of trees it reached 100%. In 2016 significant positive changes did not happen. Pine stands condition did not deteriorate in the trunk damage variant only. There was catastrophic deterioration of the conditions in all other cases. The most negative changes occurred in wet moist hygrotops in the pine stands with root damage. In the spring of 2016 massive mortal-ity observed. It was caused by stem insect outbreak.
Authors and Affiliations
Volodymyr Voron, Oleh Tkach, Sergii Sidorenko
Keywords
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