Probiotics And Prebiotics In Periodontal Diseases
Journal Title: International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR) - Year 2017, Vol 2, Issue 4
Abstract
Microorganisms have been used for hundreds of years by our ancestors in various food and beverages, and recently have undergone clinical research for their ability to prevent and cure a variety of diseases. In recent years, novel insights have been gained into the role of bacterial micro flora in health and disease.1 There is a long history of recommending the use of microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria, to promote health. The oldest traces date back to classical Roman literature when Plinius Secundus maior wrote that fermented milk products could be beneficial for the stomach. The Nobel prizewinning scientist Eli Metchnikoff is seen as one of the pioneers of modern probiotic research. In “The Prolongation of Life”, written in the beginning of the 20th Century, he claimed that Bulgarians lived longer than other populations, due to the consumption of fermented milk.2 However, it was not until 1965 that the word probiotic itself was introduced by Lilly and Stillwell as “substances produced by microorganisms that stimulate the growth of another”.3 This term, the antonym of antibiotics, is derived from the Greek language and literally means “for life”. Since the 1960s, several definitions have been proposed.4-9 The currently used definition is: “probiotics are living microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit for the host”, and has been approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the 1990s, another related term was introduced: prebiotics. These are to date defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria, that can improve host health. When a product contains both probiotic and prebiotics, the term synbiotic applies. The first probiotic species introduced into research were Lactobacillus acidophilus by Hull, et al. in 1984 and Bifidobacterium bifidum by Holcombh, et al. in 1991.10 Periodontal disease is a chronic, inflammatory disease affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, i.e., the connective tissue attachment, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It results from the interplay of a Gram-negative bacterial infection and the host response in susceptible individuals. The disease may result in bone loss, bleeding and erythema of the gingival tissue, and mobility of the teeth. Methods of treatment often include the mechanical removal of the bacteria with or without antibiotics in combination with improved oral hygiene techniques.11 Due to an increase in antibiotic resistance, and because both periodontal disease and dental caries are results of bacterial action, new treatment methods have been explored. Among them, probiotic approaches are being evaluated.
Authors and Affiliations
Dr. Alladi Vaishnavi
Keywords
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