RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REGULAR BREAKFAST CONSUMPTION AND INTELLIGENCE
Journal Title: World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research - Year 2018, Vol 4, Issue 5
Abstract
Objective: To find the frequency of regular breakfast consumption among Pakistani teenagers while the other objective was to find out the association between breakfast consumers (BC) and intelligence quotient (IQ). Methods: This comparative cross sectional study was conducted on 102 students of a Public School Faisalabad from August 2016 to January 2017. Participants were categorised into two groups i.e. regular breakfast consumers (RBC) and irregular breakfast consumers (IBC) according to their breakfast habits a standardized questionnaire of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Childrenwas used for IQ assessment. Data was then entered and analysed in SPSS version 20. Result: Out of the 102 individuals with mean age 17.17 ± 0.631, 58(56.9%) were females and 44 (43.1%) were males. There were 63 (61.8%) RBC while 39 (38.2%) were IBC. Among RBC there were 7 (6.9%) in challenged, 5 (4.9%) were below average, 33 (32.4%) in average group, 14(13.7%) in above average and 4 (3.9%) in gifted group. While among IBC, there was 1 (1%) among the severely challenged, 3 (2.9%) in challenged, 8 (7.8%) in below average, 22 (21.6%) in average group, 4 (3.9%) in above average and 1 (1%) in gifted group. There was no significant association found between breakfast intake and IQ level among students (p=0.98). Conclusion: More than half of the students were having regular breakfast. There was no significant association found among breakfast consumers and IQ. However the IQ score was more among RBC as compared to IBC.
Authors and Affiliations
Dr. Komal Sikandar
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP662808
- DOI -
- Views 150
- Downloads 0
CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME TRIALS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES: RELIABLE OR BIASED!
Several recent multinational clinical trials have suggested improvement in cardiovascular outcomes with antihyperglycemic agents in subjects with type 2 diabetes.[1-4] First and foremost, the designs implemented in these...
PREVALENCE OF CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS AMONG DIARRHOEIC PATIENT’S ATTENDING TO KOSTI TEACHING HOSPITAL, WHITE NILE STATE, SUDAN
Cryptosporidiosis is the disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, is of great concern because of associated economic losses and the public health significance in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the preval...
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES IN ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN ADULTS
Introduction: Electrolytes are salts in the body that conduct electricity. Proper balance is essential for muscle co- ordination, heart function, fluid absorption and excretion. Bowel obstruction describes failure of abo...
A STUDY ON TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
Employee is a key element of the organization. In the field of human resource management, training and development is the field concerned with organisational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individual and...
ROLE OF PROGNOSTIC NOMOGRAM AND SURVIVAL INDEX IN PROGNOSIS AND THE OUTCOME OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA - A SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE
Introduction: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in its clinical course is a heterogeneous clonal lymph proliferative disease. Some patients live without the need for therapy for decades, while in others the clinical cou...