Role of Basal Ganglia in the Regulation of Motor Activities by the help of Direct, Indirect, and Hyperdirect pathways: A Review
Journal Title: International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS) - Year 2016, Vol 4, Issue 1
Abstract
A group of subcortical nuclei referred as basal ganglia significantly modulates the voluntary motor activities and has a well established link with movement disorders like Parkinsonism, Chorea/ Huntington’s chorea, and hemiballismus. Basal ganglia consists of corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. Corpus straitum comprises of the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus (globus pallidus external segment (GPe), globus pallidus internal segment (GPi)). Below is described the role of basal ganglia in the regulation of motor activities by the help of direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways (Boscha et. al., 2012; Beurrier et. al., 2006; Nambu et. al., 2002). The onset of voluntary motor activity takes place under the influence of cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia is capable of controlling these motor activities due to the presence of neuronal circuits between the basal ganglia and the motor cortex and supplementary motor area. This neuronal circuit includes the direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways. Direct pathway: Cerebral cortex (premotor and supplementary motor cortex) project to the striatum (putamen). The striatum inhibits the internal globus pallidus (GPi) or medial globus pallidus by the help of gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) and substance P. Due to this inhibition of the medial globus pallidus, it will not lead to the inhibition of the thalamus and the thalamus can cause excitation of the motor cortex to result in the promotion of movement. At rest, the medial globus pallidus releases GABA to inhibit thalamic input to the motor cortex thereby causing supression of movements. Indirect pathway: Cerebral cortex (premotor and supplementary motor cortex) project to the striatum (putamen). Neurons meant for the indirect pathway project to the external globus pallidus (GPe) or lateral globus pallidus and inhibit it by the help of GABA and enkephalin.
Authors and Affiliations
Roan Mukherjee
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP31066
- DOI -
- Views 314
- Downloads 0
Analysis of interactive-relationship between children and their elders in the short stories of Ashapurna
The famous Bengali writer Ashapurna Devi in her writings not only presented the complexities of Bengali family life, society and women but also reveals the different shades of her child characters. Her short stories sho...
Applying Conflict Analysis and Resolution Strategies to Assess Organizational Safety Culture in Accident Investigations
The analysis of workplace safety must consider a diverse set of factors including work processes, equipment, safeguards, training, standards, and policies. Organizational safety culture has been recognized as another im...
An Overview of Service Marketing
Marketing literature has expanded in its horizon overtime. Services have become a fundamental part of the literature. The inherent differences between goods and services led to development of services as a separate fiel...
Dialect of Paschim Medinipur District of India and a Sketch of its Usefulness
Mind is an independent identifying token of human beings in this vast universe. According to the rule of evolution the expression of mind is next to life. Whatever this introspective mind thinks is the expression throu...
Women Economic Empowerment and Human Development in Assam: A Gender Perspective
Gender indicates the socio-cultural position of men and women and the way society allocates roles and responsibilities. Gender inequality is distinct from other forms of economic and social discrimination still present...