Role of Basal Ganglia in the Regulation of Motor Activities by the help of Direct, Indirect, and Hyperdirect pathways: A Review
Journal Title: International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS) - Year 2016, Vol 4, Issue 1
Abstract
A group of subcortical nuclei referred as basal ganglia significantly modulates the voluntary motor activities and has a well established link with movement disorders like Parkinsonism, Chorea/ Huntington’s chorea, and hemiballismus. Basal ganglia consists of corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. Corpus straitum comprises of the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus (globus pallidus external segment (GPe), globus pallidus internal segment (GPi)). Below is described the role of basal ganglia in the regulation of motor activities by the help of direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathways (Boscha et. al., 2012; Beurrier et. al., 2006; Nambu et. al., 2002). The onset of voluntary motor activity takes place under the influence of cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia is capable of controlling these motor activities due to the presence of neuronal circuits between the basal ganglia and the motor cortex and supplementary motor area. This neuronal circuit includes the direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways. Direct pathway: Cerebral cortex (premotor and supplementary motor cortex) project to the striatum (putamen). The striatum inhibits the internal globus pallidus (GPi) or medial globus pallidus by the help of gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) and substance P. Due to this inhibition of the medial globus pallidus, it will not lead to the inhibition of the thalamus and the thalamus can cause excitation of the motor cortex to result in the promotion of movement. At rest, the medial globus pallidus releases GABA to inhibit thalamic input to the motor cortex thereby causing supression of movements. Indirect pathway: Cerebral cortex (premotor and supplementary motor cortex) project to the striatum (putamen). Neurons meant for the indirect pathway project to the external globus pallidus (GPe) or lateral globus pallidus and inhibit it by the help of GABA and enkephalin.
Authors and Affiliations
Roan Mukherjee
Keywords
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