Root Causes of Corporal Punishment of Children: Approaches and Mechanisms to Confront It
Journal Title: The Journal of Human Rights - Year 2012, Vol 6, Issue 2
Abstract
Adult behavior has a profound effect on the personality and habits developed in children. Corporal punishment means the use of physical force to cause pain without injury, to discipline - 'behavior correction or control’- children. Corporal punishment of children can both have short-term and long-term harmful effects on their body and mind. In general, parents’ frequent use of corporal punishment is likely to be due to the fact that they may have experienced depression, drug abuse, alcohol use, quarrels, sexual abuse and adopting an authoritarian parenting style. Also, a high number of corporal punishment cases are reported to have occurred in families with low income and young parents. In addition, children experiencing severe corporal punishment and physical violence receive less love and warmth from other members of the family during childhood. These issues require that corporal punishment and the factors influencing it be discussed and explored scientifically and systematically. In this paper, following an introduction, a literature review of the empirical research on corporal punishment and root causes and experiential factors influencing it as well as the psychological and physical abuse of children will be dealt with. The second part will address theories explaining violence and corporal punishment including the "theory of interaction", "theory of personal ecology", "socio-cultural theory" and "structural approach". The last part of the article, as a general conclusion, offers some suggestions and guidelines. چکیده طرز رفتار بزرگسالان اثر عمیقی بر شخصیت کودکان و عادات کسب شده توسط آنها دارد. تنبیه بدنی به معنای استفاده از نیروی فیزیکی جهت ایجاد درد بدون صدمه، به منظور تربیت «تصحیح یا کنترل رفتار» کودک میباشد. تنبیهبدنی دارای اثرات مخرب کوتاهمدت و بلندمدت بر جسم و روح کودک میباشد. به طور کلی، پدر و مادری که مکرر از تنبیهبدنی استفاده مینمایند، به احتمال زیاد، تجربه افسردگی دارند، از داروهای الکلی و غیرمشروع استفاده مینمایند، بین آنها اختلاف و درگیری وجود دارد، تجربه و سابقه آزار جنسی دارند و دارای سبک فرزندپروری استبدادی هستند. همچنین، نرخ بالایی از تنبیهبدنی در فضاهای فقرآلود درآمدی و نیز میان والدین جوان گزارش شده است. افزون بر این، کودکانی که تنبیهبدنی و خشونت جسمانی شدیدتری را تجربه میکنند، گرمی و لطافت کمتری از سوی اعضای خانواده در طول دوره کودکی دریافت داشتهاند. چنین مسائلی ایجاب میکند که مقوله تنبیهبدنی و عوامل مؤثر بر آن، به نحو علمی و مدون مورد بررسی و کنکاش قرار گیرد. در این مقاله پس از یک مقدمه، به بررسی پیشینه تجربی تحقیق در زمینه تنبیهبدنی و علل و عوامل تجربی مؤثر بر پدیده تنبیهبدنی و آزار جسمی ـ روحی کودک پرداخته میشود. بخش دوم مقاله نیز به برخی نظریههای تبیینکننده مسئله خشونت و تنبیهبدنی، از جمله «نظریه کنش متقابل فردی»، «نظریه بومشناسی فردی»، «نظریه فرهنگی اجتماعی»، و «رویکرد ساختاری» اختصاص دارد. بخش پایانی مقاله هم، ضمن یک جمعبندی کلی، به ارائه برخی از پیشنهادها و راهکارهای مرتبط با مسئله تحقیق میپردازد.
Authors and Affiliations
Mohammad Reza Hasani, Isa Abedini, Ebrahim Ebrahimi, Kamal Kohi
Keywords
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