Сучасні методичні підходи до оцінювання екологічного стану грунту за активністю мікробіоценозу
Journal Title: Питання біоіндикації та екології - Year 2017, Vol 22, Issue 1
Abstract
The article discusses current approaches to evaluating the ecological state of the soil by the activity of soil microbiota. Analysis of numerous experimental studies shows that nowadays the unified system of soil biodiagnostics is absent, therefore actual task is to develop a holistic concept of diagnostics and evaluation of anthropogenic dynamics of soil ecological condition considering its biological properties and function of microbiota that will carry out early detection of negative changes in the environment. Analysis of published data shows that significant contributions to the biological activity are made by microorganisms as decomposers of organic residues and pollutants of different оrigin. They participate in the performance of one of the most important functions of the soil - the transformation of matter and energy in natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems, including agroecosystems. Assessment of soil microbiota and its biodiversity can be used to resolve a number of environmental problems, determine the impact of human асtivity, the definition of temporary stability of ecosystems under impact of various anthropogenic factors and so on. This assessment can be performed through the analysis of the deviation between the number of microorganisms and normal ratio, content of carbon and nitrogen in the microbial biomass, microbe fraction to the total amount of organic carbon in the soil, the ratio of active nitrogen fixation and emissions of the nitrogen oxide, difference between respiratory activity of soil in natural ecosystems and studied agricultural landscapes. Soil research can not be performed without attention to monitoring of different ecosystems and should be the basis for the controling functions of the soil in environment. This function is necessary for the development of strategic approaches to sustainable use of soil resources, restoration of soil fertility and environmentally friendly agricultural technologies. The search of the best ways to integrate data for environmental monitoring of soil is an immediate problem. A lot of methodological approaches and methods of index calculation of the soil status, which compare the levels of anthropogenic impact and the categories of environment quality are proposed. During the environmental studies two types of soil environmental standards are used. First is a natural standard that corresponds to virgin, unbroken soil. Second is an anthropogenic environmental standard, which was formed by the long-term impact of any human activity. Areas that are exposed to long systematic human impact are vied as such standard in agroecosystems. Nowadays modeling of biological processes occurring in the soil is widely used. In modern ecological studies method which involves analysis tool of «desirability» that allows to count the natural values of chemical, biological and toxicological parameters in a single dimensionless scale with clearly fixed boundaries is used. The article analyzes the list of biodiagnostic indicators and the expediency of their use in monitoring studies and complex ecological estimations of soil. В статье обсуждается вопрос современных подходов к оценке экологического состояния почвы по активности почвенной микробиоты. Анализ результатов многочисленных экспериментальных исследований свидетельствует, что на сегодня отсутствует унифицированная система биодиагностики почвы. Поэтому актуальной задачей является разработка целостной концепции диагностики и оценки состояния почвы при действии различных экологических и антропогенных факторов с учетом ее биологических свойств и функционирования микробиоценоза, что позволит проводить раннюю диагностику негативных изменений окружающей среды. Анализ литературных источников показал, что весомый вклад в суммарные показатели биологической активности вносят микроорганизмы, которые выступают как редуценты органических остатков, а также поллютантов различного происхождения и участвуют в выполнении одной из важнейших функций почвы превращении вещества и энергии как в природных, так и в антропогенно трансформированных экосистемах, в частности агроэкосистемах. Проанализирован перечень биодиагностических показателей и обоснована целесообразность их использования в мониторинговых исследованиях и комплексном экологическом оценивании состояния почвы.
Authors and Affiliations
Демʼянюк О. С. *, Симочко Л. Ю. **, Тертична О. В. *** Demyanyuk O. S. *,Symochko L. Yu. **,Tertychna O. V. ***
Keywords
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