Східноєвропейський контекст українського інтегрального націоналізму
Journal Title: Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія - Year 2016, Vol 1, Issue
Abstract
Scientifically proved and historically obvious is the fact that integral nationalism was born in the Western Europe and soon was spread on its Eastern part. In the middle of the 19th century, «all hinges of future integral nationalism were circulating in political and philosophical thought in Western Europe», but in late 19th century it was finally developed. Yet, the roots of integral nationalism date back to the French Revolution in the 18th century. To be more precise, the metaphor about the unity of the dead, the alive and the unborn was claimed by Edmund Berg in the 18th century. Integral nationalism developed as a powerful ideological and political movement after social upheaval and spiritual crisis in Europe in late 19th century. It was the end of previous historical types of nationalism, origin of which were Jacobin and traditional nationalism of postrevolutionary era. Integral nationalism in the Eastern Europe (as Carl Popper claimed in his book «Open society and its enemies») had been acquiring the cult of the state and race. This is its main difference from the eastern prototype. In the Eastern Europe, it was mostly ethnically bound. In Poland, nationalist, ideological and political current was called national democracy, which was formed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the environment of Polish League and National League. One of the founder and main ideologist of the Polish nationalism was Roman Dmowski. Its main elements were: spiritual unity of Polish nation over other values; national solidarity; belief in the superiority of the nation above the state, which was expressed by such slogan «Poland is for the Polish people»; Poland identity with the Roman Catholic Church; hostility towards socialism and other universal doctrines; recognition of the main danger from Germany. Other special characteristics of this ideology were: Anti-Semitism (with elements of racism) and social Darwinism; church recognition of the right to «own souls» and the necessity to unite the nation and church etc. The Romanian integral nationalism appeared in the backward region, which failed to create independent, self-sufficient and long-lasting regime. It means that Romanian legionnaires like Italian fascists and Nazis controlled their own religion using their own Christian symbols and discourse of palingenesis, inherited from the Romantic nationalism. Its ideologist was Corneliu Zelea Codreanu who was the head of the Legion of the Archangel Michael. «Romanian Nation» was understood by him as not only all the Romanians, sharing the common territory, common past and future, common behaviour, common language, and common daily interests etc. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, ultra-national movement of ustashe (The Ustae rebel) was founded by Ante Pavelic. The main characteristics of the Ustasha were: anti-Serbizm, anti-communism and the cult of the Croatian state. During two decades of interwar period, the main ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia was between the Serbs and Croats. The Croats considered the Serbs to be strangers who are amenable to assimilation; that is why; the tendency of assimilation was much stronger than other ones. The members of the Ustashe made it the slogan of anti-Serbian struggle. Ukrainian integral nationalism was ideologically close to the Polish, Romanian, Croatian ones. The closest relatives of the Ukrainian nationalism (authoritative statement was claimed by I. Lysiaka-Rudyckiy) should be found in agrarian, economically backward nations of Eastern Europe: Croatian ustashe, Romanian «The Iron Guard», Slovakian glinkivci, Polish ONR etc. Ukrainian nationalism was a genetically independent phenomenon, but a lot of impacts of relevant foreign samples were made on it during its development. The role of integral nationalism in western Ukraine increased only in 1939, as Soviet, Nazi and Romanian regimes were destroyed by the then Ukrainian parties. Ukrainian integral nationalists developed the concept of a special national pathway, so called global «third way» or special Ukrainian «third way» that pushes them from the liberal capitalism and Marxist socialism. The main actors of this Ukrainian drama were Dmytro Dontsov, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Front of National Unity.
Authors and Affiliations
Solomia Shvab
Keywords
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