The response of the human immune system to physical exertion
Journal Title: Antropomotoryka. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences - Year 2013, Vol 23, Issue 61
Abstract
The human immune system is quite complex with respect to its structure and function. A functional immune system is absolutely necessary to maintain the integrity of the human organism. Athletes are a very particular group of people: they are expected to be psychologically and physically prepared for challenges. Even slight immune disorders, e.g., during upper respiratory tract inflammation (URTI), can negatively affect their workouts and their performance during sports events. Unfortunately, authors of scientific reports present no uniform consensus regarding the impact of exercise on the immune system. It is widely accepted that a single exercise session modulates the immune system, whereas heavy exercise to the point of exhaustion suppresses theresponse of the immune system and moderate physical exercise stimulates immune functions. Following heavy and acute exercise, the most commonly described changes in the indexes of the immune system are: increased numbers of leukocytes (WBC), lymphocytosis with subsequent lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, monocytosis, decreased IgA concentration in saliva, increased levels of certain cytokines in serum, and reduced phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Moreover, the enhanced activity of NK cells directly following exercise and a decrease in the NK number below normal levels while recovering from exercise have been reported. It has been suggested that physical training affects the immune system through several mechanisms: increased concentrations of steroid hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and growth hormone), muscle damage, reduced levels of glutamine in blood, and psychological stress.
Authors and Affiliations
Marta Szarek, Wanda Pilch, Dorota Gryka, Dominika Kozłowska
Keywords
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