The Small and Powerful Nanobodies (Nbs) Originating from Peculiar Animals used for Therapy of Cancers
Journal Title: International Journal of Cancer Studies & Research (IJCR) - Year 2016, Vol 0, Issue 1
Abstract
A conventional antibody is structurally featured with two heavy chains and two light ones. However, a simpler version termed as heavy-chain antibody (HCAb), also naturally exists in the serum of peculiar animal such as camels and llamas. HCAb contains a single heavy chain with one variable domain (VHH domain) and two constant domains (CH2 and CH3 domain). Interestingly, the fragment corresponding to single variable domain in HCAb can exist stably and work independently (nanobody, Nb), something like an abbreviated HCAb. Its smaller molecular weight confers Nbs unique and prominent merits including low possibility of eliciting undesirable immune response, strong tissue penetrability, high stability and ease of production. In this review, after discussing the features of Nb, we systematically reviewed the most recent advances in the wide applications of Nbs in the everlasting war against cancer. More emphasis is put on their applications as cancer therapeutics agents (ligand blocker, receptor antagonist) and as components of cancer therapeutic bioconjugates (with exotoxin, liposome, T-lymphocyte, or enzyme).
Authors and Affiliations
Xingyuan Ma
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP202087
- DOI 10.19070/2167-9118-SI04001
- Views 77
- Downloads 0
Efficacy of 0.5% 5-Fluorouracil Cream and Absence of Undesirable Secondary Effects in the Treatment of Grade III Actinic Keratoses in the Presence of 5% Dobesilate
Background: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been a standardized topical treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) lesions, however to treat deep and hyperkeratotic AK a long treatment time is often required. Furthermore, in grade I...
Kaposi Sarcoma of Spleen in HIV-Negative Patient Detected with F-18 FDG PET/CT
We report a case of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) who presented with unusual clinical features. The unusual clinical features were abscence of detectable HIV, absence of cutaneous lesion and presence of a splenic mass. F-18 FDG PE...
Frequency and Determining Factors of Empiric Chemotherapy Dose Reduction in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Objectives: To determine the frequency and key factors regarding empiric chemotherapy dose reductions (ECDR) in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods: This retrospective study involved the chart review of...
Fractal Entropy: The Return of Unified Theory of Cancer
The concept of a unified theory for cancer is not novel, in fact it was first proposed by Spandidos in 1986[1] where it was postulated that cancer development was an orchestrated series of genetic and epigenetic events w...
Prognostic Value of Artificial Neural Network in Predicting Bladder Cancer Recurrence After BCG Immunotherapy
Background: Artificial neural network (ANN) has been used in medicine to predict either the treatment or the investigative outcomes. The aim of this study was to validate the use of ANN models for predicting recurrence i...