«ВИДИМОЕ» И «НЕВИДИМОЕ» В ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИИ Ж.-П. САРТРА И Г. МАРСЕЛЯ

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«ВИДИМОЕ» И «НЕВИДИМОЕ» В ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИИ Ж.-П. САРТРА И Г. МАРСЕЛЯ

Journal Title: Гуманітарний часопис - Year 2015, Vol 1, Issue 1

Abstract

Bataeva Ye.V. «VISIBLE» AND «INVISIBLE» IN PHENOMENOLOGY OF J.-P. SARTRE AND G. MARCEL The paper presents results of visual analysis of phenomenological concepts of J.P. Sartre and G. Marcel. Original visual concepts of J.-P. Sartre are analyzed such as «gaze», «to be visible by others», «mental image» where for perception of the latter «reflexive faith» is needed. Analyzing the phenomenon of «gaze», J.-P. Sartre compares the terms «gaze» and «eye». According to J.-P. Sartre, an eye serves only as «mainstay for gaze» by directing it on some objects of vision. However, in opposite to eye, gaze does not belong to human body. Instead, it transgresses the body and goes outside its margins, it merges with things themselves, with objects of vision. Analysis of existential states of shame and pride are presented. They are evaluated by J.-P. Sartre as effects of visualization of a human placed «under sight» of others. It is possible to change the situation and to get rid from existential state of shame and fear if inversion of vision perspective is done, of object-for-gaze-of-another is transformed into subject-looking-at- others. Another proposition how to avoid chasing by using mimicry practices is described by B. Groys. A changing and unstable subject that plays different roles and takes part in different life spectacles becomes indistinguishable and non-fixable by scanning gaze of Overseer. It is possible to «disarm» gaze of overseer not only by masking but, on the opposite, by openly demonstrating “his/her internal” and putting an overseeing instance into confusion. The book «The Imaginary» by J.-P. Sartre develops fundamentals of phenomenological vision of images in subject consciousness that are different from insight of Husserl. E. Husserl has stressed necessity of «bracketing» the fact of existence or nonexistence of a viewed thing. Meanwhile, J.-P. Sartre underlines importance of real/virtual presence of a thing itself in viewed image. A phenomenologist viewing some mental image necessarily keeps in mind (reflexively intends phenomenological insight on) an object itself, image of which is placed before him/her. Besides, a concept of «clairvoyance» by G. Marcel is presented. It describes a specific technique of vision focused on understanding of existential situations that have not occurred yet. It is established that «attentively-gazingsubject» of J.-P. Sartre is an active actor that carries out the acts of vision consciously. Meanwhile, «clairvoyant» of G. Marcel is a passive figure for whom «to see» means «to become Another». In «The Metaphysical Journal», G. Marcel develops a topic of participating perception of reality the result of which could be true vision (clairvoyance) of the essence of the happening. The participating vision presumes the presence of a certain connection between perceiver and perceived that unites them into an organic whole. Therefore, if the main statement of Husserl’s phenomenology is «bracketing» real world and focusing on consciousness represented eidoses, French phenomenologists have stressed importance of considering existential real of things. If in classic phenomenology of E. Husserl vision of intentional objects is carried out in cogito of transcendental subject that reflexively contemplates their eidetic essences, concepts French phenomenologists concern practices of vision aimed not mainly on intentional matter but on existence of Another (J.-P. Sartre, G. Marcel). Moreover, act of vision itself in French phenomenology is described not as reflexive practice of phenomenologic viewing but as corporeal action performed by physical eyes (the concept of «gaze» by J.-P. Sartre).

Authors and Affiliations

Катерина Батаева

Keywords

Ключевые слова: феноменология пристальный взгляд ментальный образ ясновидение участное видение. The keywords: phenomenology gaze mental image clairvoyance participating vision.

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EP ID EP558350
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