Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Resistance Physiology
Journal Title: Applied Physiology and Anatomy Digest - Year 2018, Vol 3, Issue 1
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is caused by complex interaction of genetics, environmental factors, and life style choices. Depending on the etiology of diabetes mellitus, factors contributing to hyperglycemia may resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. 1 The effects of diabetes mellitus include long term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels. Diabetes may present with characteristic symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision, weight loss, and polyphagia, and in its most severe forms with ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolarity, which in the absence of effective treatment, leads to stupor, coma, and death. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes usually have insulin resistance and relative, rather than absolute, insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance has also been arbitrarily defined as the requirement of 200 or more units of insulin per day to attain glycemic control and to prevent ketosis. Evidence is presented that shows that free fatty acids (FFA) are one important link between obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Plasma FFA levels are elevated in most obese subjects, and physiological elevations of plasma FFA inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle.
Authors and Affiliations
Dr Motilal C Tayade
Keywords
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