Evaluation of the two methods of determining bulk density of sand: tapping fork test and vibrating table test
Journal Title: Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty - Year 2016, Vol 15, Issue 1
Abstract
The aim of this research is to compare and evaluate the methods used for determining the maximum bulk density of sand ρdmax. Two methods were considered: tapping fork test and vibrating table test. They were compared in terms of the efficiency of compaction and the repeatability of results. The tested material was quartz sand. The tapping fork test was carried out independently by two lab workers. While the tapping fork method proved to be satisfactory in terms of compaction efficiency (as demonstrated by the mean bulk density of ρ<sub>dmax</sub>=1.805 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, it was not as good in terms of repeatability (3.35% of relative error) and showed sensitivity to human factor. The second test was performed using a vibrating table with inertial excitation. Selecting an appropriate frequency of vibrations proved to be a key factor. Too low frequency resulted in poor compaction and in case of too high frequency the density was increasing and decreasing alternately. The frequency of 39 Hz was found to be the optimum value, producing the average density of ρ<sub>dmax</sub>=1.795 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and 1.56% of relative error after vibrating for the standard time of 12 minutes. Even seemingly small variations of relative error between the analysed methods resulted in considerable variations in the degree of compaction of the tested sand. Therefore, the selection of the method is so important due to the criterion of test objectivity.
Authors and Affiliations
Waldemar St. Szajna, Paulina Lechocka
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP76657
- DOI 10.7409/rabdim.016.001
- Views 132
- Downloads 0
Karbonatyzacja betonów z dodatkiem popiołów lotnych wapiennych
Celem badań było określenie głębokości karbonatyzacji betonów wykonanych z użyciem popiołu lotnego wapiennego. Wykonano łącznie 11 mieszanek o jednakowym współczynniku wodno-spoiwowym [i]w[/i]/[i]b[/i], różniących się za...
Numerically based statistical analysis of parameters effects on FRP honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to torsional loading
In recent years, honeycomb fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) sandwich panels have been increasingly used in various industries. The objective of this study is to conduct a combined numerical-statistical investigation of hon...
Capacity assessment and modification of high noise barriers
Capacity assessment and modification of existing steel structure of high noise barriers in which imminent failure conditions occurs is developed in the article. Differences between design assumptions defined by Eurocode...
Air void system parameters and frost resistance of air-entrained concrete containing calcareous fly ash
The paper presents results of the investigation of the air void characteristics and the resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing of air-entrained concrete containing calcareous fly ash. The frost resistance was tested a...
Właściwości reologiczne asfaltów drogowych modyfikowanych polimerem SBS i kwasem polifosforowym
W celu poprawy właściwości lepkosprężystych asfaltów drogowych stosuje się powszechnie kopolimer typu styren-butadien-styren (SBS). Równocześnie trwają prace nad poszukiwaniem nowych rodzajów modyfikatorów, których stoso...