Evolution and Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance: Staphylococcus aureus
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2017, Vol 1, Issue 5
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a potentially pathogenic bacterium that causes a wide range of diseases. These are causing different infections and resistance mechanism due to of its wide virulence factors. The increase in the resistance of this virulent pathogen to antibiotic, day by day increases as a nosocomial infection is a major health concern. The main resistance phenotype associated with the S. aureus in hospital is methicillin resistance followed by vancomycin resistance. Resistance to methicillin and other b-lactam antibiotics is produced by the mecA gene, which is located on a portable genetic element, the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec). Center for disease control and prevention (CDC) approximates 80,461 hostile Methicillin resistance staphylococcal (MRSA) infections and 11,285 associated deaths occurred in 2011. Methicillin resistance in hospital acquired infections in S. aureus isolates has been increasing intensely in United States and occurring resistance to other antibacterial compounds. However, the role of evolutionary change in the pathogen throughout the development from bearing to disease is not completely understood. So, for this high throughout genome sequencing project need to be done to identify the genotypic character. To reduce these resistances more effective infection control, developing the new and improved antibiotic, developing vaccines, monitoring the trends in resistance, promoting interventions, conducting research are crucial. This review labels the latest molecular evolution of MRSA, different methods used to investigate the epidemiology, different risk factor associated with it and the structure of gene. Nowadays, one can classify infections based on settings in which people acquire them. Precisely, the hospital corresponds to pathogens that possess multidrug-resistant genes whereas community-acquired strains contain virulent genes. However, treating infections with antibiotics can change the entire status. For instance, in the forties of the past century, treatment tuberculosis with streptomycin was enough to refer the disease to the curable ones. Nevertheless, humankind did not exert adequate effort to eradicate the infection completely, and its long-lasting treatment with antibiotics resulted in developing the resistance on the part of the bacteria. Unfortunately, currently, tuberculosis is an incurable disease. Experts expect that further heavy reliance on antibiotics can lead to converging with the virulent gene on the part of the multidrug-resistant one. Such the implies the appearance of pathogens that will require devising new approaches to coping with the several outbreaks. Given this threat, humankind will have to decline the use of antibiotics at some point. Therefore, one can expect that the research in the field has a short time horizon. Therefore, funding, it is limited. For example, in six chosen statistical studies of different aspects of treating infections with antibiotics the used samples are not large enough to guarantee the acceptable level of uncertainty. This report presents the reviews of the many articles that are mainly studied Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus is a shared type of bacteria that is found on the skin.
Authors and Affiliations
Sunil Pandey, Laina Sallam, Nivedita Pareek
Keywords
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- EP ID EP578507
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000446
- Views 162
- Downloads 0
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