Gut Microbiome & Brain Diseases. A New Horizon
Journal Title: International Neuroscience Conference (NEURO-2023) - Year 2023, Vol 4, Issue 1
Abstract
The ‘gut-brain’ or ‘brain-gut axis’, depending on whether we emphasize bottom-up or top-bottom pathways, is a bi-directional communication system, comprised of neural pathways. This network is not only 1) anatomical, but it extends to include 2) endocrine, 3) humoral, 4) metabolic, and 5) immune routes of communication as well. Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Recent evidence, mainly arising from animal models, supports a role of microbes as signaling components in the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome influences cognitive function, depression, anxiety, ASD, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and also chronic pain via the gut-brain axis. Substantial evidence has linked consumption of a Western Diet (WD), defined here as diets consisting of both high levels of fat (35–60% total kcal) and added sugars, with cognitive dysfunction. WD factors significantly alter the proportions of commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. We highlight evidence linking gut bacteria to altered intestinal permeability and blood brain barrier integrity, thus making the brain more vulnerable to the influx of deleterious substances from the circulation. A multistring combination of lactobacilli, and bifid bacterial has demonstrated in vitro strengthening of the epithelial barrier after a pathogenic bacterial and inflammatory stressor, inhibition of mast-cell activation, stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and decreased LPS load. Complex carbohydrates increase levels of beneficial bacteria, in particular, Bifidobacterias spp. In the gut. If differences in microbiome composition are present, fecal microbiota transplantation could be done from control individuals, or a defined bacterial consortium. Promising clinical studies have been reported, including in people with autism spectrum disorder. Dietary intervention, e.g. selective diets, prebiotics, or probiotics could also be implemented to target the microbiome. However, this has been studied mostly in animal models and validation of such effects of targeting the microbiome with selective diets, prebiotics, or probiotics in humans is now warranted.
Authors and Affiliations
Sasan Gazerani, Saveh University of Medical Sciences
Keywords
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