Heredity Related Determination of the Athletes’ Trainability
Journal Title: Antropomotoryka. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences - Year 2006, Vol 16, Issue 36
Abstract
Introduction. This feature to react positively to training is called the trainability. Strongly speaking the trainability can be characterized as an ability to improve the working potential of athlete by means of specially organized purposeful training.The aim of the work. In order to understand the nature of sport talent, the possibilities and limitations of athletic training, the following heredity related questions should be answered: – How much heredity contributes to great successes of high-performance athletes?– In which extent the several somatic and physical traits are genetically determined, or, in other words, which fitness factors are more heredity dependent and which ones less?– How much the response to certain regular training (cumulative training effect) is determined genetically?Material and methods. All above questions belong to area of human genetics where the studies of heredity contribution to physical activity and athletic performance are reasonably extensive. The specific approaches of genetic investigations, which can be applied to sport area, are the twin studies and family studies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available data related the both mentioned approaches and to assess impact of heredity on the athletes trainability from the viewpoint of high-performance sport.Results. The available evidences allow concluding that genetic factors are very important in the attainment of high achievement. Several somatic (like somatitype) and metabolic abilities (like maximum oxygen uptake) are highly dependent on heredity while the other ones (like motor skills) much more dependent on environmental factors.In the same time genetic determination of the response to training, which greatly characterizes the athletes’ trainability, is less dependent on heredity and very sensitive to environmental factors. That means that appropriatetraining stimuli can indeed profoundly affect the development of the athlete’s motor potential and the limits of heredity are not as narrow as it seems basing on the values of the heritability coefficients only.Conclusions. All above mentioned suggest that although genetic factors are prerequisites for making an Olympic athlete, his/her final result and success is largely influenced by rational training and personality traits.Therefore, trainability as an ability to react positively to training is not strictly determined by heredity and this emphasizes importance of the purposeful training and rational coaching.
Authors and Affiliations
Vladimir Issurin, Gilad Lustig, Jan Szopa
Keywords
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