HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE FORTRESS AND AKKERMAN CITY IN 1770—1793
Journal Title: Чорноморська минувшина - Year 2016, Vol 11, Issue
Abstract
Reconstruction has been based on several plans of Akkerman city and fortress. The urban structures were characterized by chaotic planning with distinguished three-four local districts shaped around the squares. External fortifications (themoat and the wall) enveloped the trading quarters by a rough curve. Urban development becomes more dense closer to the fortress. The fortress also housed a few public buildings. The territory of the defensive ensemble is divided into several quarters. The highest density of buildings is seen in the northeastern, coastal part of the trading quarters, near modern streets Popova and Shabskaya. The Greek church still preserved here is dated by the second half of 15th century, and Armenian church dates to early 17th century. The archaic planning is still present at places (outlines of streets and a square in the quarter between the current streets Shabskaya, Kutuzova, Popova and Shevchenko are the same). It was the district with one of the three exits from the city, towards Katarja village and the sea quay (on the cape, between Shabolat and Dniester estuaries), known from 1419. North-east of the city gate, on the external side of the city fortifications, there was a big cemetery (Christian, most likely). Two other exits from the city were located in the south-western part of the external defense line (road to Tatarbunar and Bender). They are also accompanied by a cemetery, this time located within the city line. It is the Muslim mazar, whose surface matched the four modern quarters within the streets SverdlovaDzerzhinskogo and Kirova-Shevchenko. Localization of the cemetery is confirmed by stray finds of burials in this urban district, as well as marble grave -stones with epitaphs in the old Ottoman language (with one dated by 1743). East of Tatarbunar gate there is a garden adjoining the defense line in quarters between Pervomaiskaya and Kirova streets. Another garden was located outside the urban boundary, on the lower coastal terrace of the estuary, south-west of Bender gate. A few small cemeteries were found inside the urban buildings. Almost all of them were related to churches or mosques. Thus, at the corner of Kalinina and Ushakova streets, historical plans localize a mosque with a small cemetery west of it (near modern school no. 1). Another Muslim cemetery of 16th—18th century was found near the fortress, south-east of towers no. 1—3 of the Military Court. The Armenian and Greek churches also had their own graveyards. A few dozens of preTurkish burials were documented in the Civil Court, west of the Orthodox church, during archaeological excavations led by G. Mezentseva. After seizure of Belgorod by the Turks (1484), the church was replaced by Bayazed Veli’s Mosque (?). Kauffer’s plan marks it as Sultan Mosque. Another 15th century small Christian graveyard inside the fortress was documented by Gr. Avakian’s digs at the eastern wall of the Citadel, where some graves were revealed under a window of apse of the Citadel’s church. There were at least seven mosques in the fortress in the second half of 18th century.
Authors and Affiliations
Andrew Krasnozhon
Keywords
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