SNITYN AND LUBNY “HOARDS” IN THE CONTEXT OF PROBLEM OF EASTERN INFLUENCES OF HOLIHRADY METAL INDUSTRY
Journal Title: Матеріали і дослідження з археології Прикарпаття і Волині - Year 2016, Vol 20, Issue
Abstract
Influence of Holihrady metal industry on the area of Dnipro Left Bank is considered at the article. On the basis of analysis of two “hoards” – Lubny, discovered in 2002 near Matskivtsi in Poltava region and Snityn one, discovered in 2016, the question is raised about the appearance on the territory of Dnipro Left Bank about 1100 B.C. of a group of arrived population. We associate with these arrived communities (character of which clearly demonstrates military relevance and religious and ceremonial isolation from the traditions of local population) construction of a number of Early Chornolissia hill-forts in Tyasmyn and adjacent territories of the Middle Dnipro area. Foundation of one of the largest of them – Subotiv according to the series of radiocarbon dates took place in the period 3100–3030 B.C. (1300–1200 cal. B.C.). Despite of clearly Late Holihrady (Ozeryany as geographically closest) type of bronze bowls from Lubny and Snityn complexes, no other signs of inventory of these “hoards” does not indicate their “Sub-Carpathian” vector. Even such element of bronze decorated tubes from binding of harness straps from Snityn, witnessed rather about “non-Holihrady” region of their production, more likely to some workshop, which worked in the areas from Ternopil’ plateau to the western part of Volhynian Upland. Among creators of Lubny and Snityn “hoard” and of a number of other sites culturally related to them (both movable and immovable, including markers of the culture – bronze oval rings and petiole arrowheads, clearly defined type of spearheads, maces, metal elements of harness and other),we noticed the presence of population of other ethnic groups. Carried out presently analysis of the main components of its material culture (relating mainly to the period from HaA2 to HaC1) gives us, as it seems, a reason to believe that they origin from out of Caucasus and, most likely, from the areal of Proto-Kurd population of Zagros (Lurystan) and its environs (Gutians, Kassites and others). This population brought to our lands new ways of using of harness, wheeled transport, weapons, protective armor, jewelry, and most importantly – unknown before on our territory religious beliefs (Myhalkiv hoard) and traditions of metallurgy and copper, bronze and iron working. As to the latest aspect (innovations in metal working), we admitted arrival in Podolsk Upland of (H) Alizones from the same Transcaucasia region, which in the next century mentioned by ancient authors – as perhaps the best experts in metal working – approximately in these regions of Black Sea Coast (for example by Herodotus, the area of (H) Alazones (on south or south-east ?) reached the place where Tiras and Hypanis pull together their flows). Newly arrived population due to highly developed horse-riding and well-established wheeled transport not only pressed on adjacent enclaves of other cultures (like Early Vysotske, Late Bilohrudivka or Holihrady), but also reached even more distant areas such as Dnipro Left Bank (Povorskla), as evidenced by Lubny and Snityn hoards. Moreover, bronze ornamented bowls, which are widely represented in these hoards, were acquired, possibly, during raids on some of Holihrady hill-forts. However, in the hands of new owners, these bowls were used not as symbol of wealth and good aesthetic taste, but as demonstration of prestige and elitism which are highly appreciated among the horse-riding aristocracy. Assuming the presence on the territory of modern Ukrainian Forest-Steppe region of natives from Proto-Kurd environment from future Iran and possibly of representatives of other ethnic groups from Central Asian one (Andronovo and Karasuk cultures) so-called Cimmerian or Scythian-Cimmerian, as it combined sometimes, problem begins to appear in slightly different light. With the appearance of this population, which came to Ukrainian Forest-Steppe region we associated also construction of a number of Early Chornolissia hillforts on Tyasmyn and adjacent areas within the Middle Dnipro region XII–XI centuries B.C. V. Klochko associated Lubny complex with Subotiv hill-fort, but he correlated this “hoard” with the existence on this Chornolissia culture hill-fort of its latest cultural horizon, which can be dated back to the end of IX century B.C. After all, with this – population arrived from out of Caucasus, we associate allegedly sudden disappearance at the beginning of HaB3 of sites of Holihrady culture and still not explained fact of finishing of practice of burials on the Hordiiv cemetery on Southern Bug River in X century B.C., as evidenced by the latest barrows of fourth chronological group, for which also the series of radiocarbon dates are obtained.
Authors and Affiliations
Mykola Bandrivs’kyi, Mykhailo Bilyk
Keywords
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