Two Conceptions of Universality of Human Rights: A Hermeneutical Approach
Journal Title: The Journal of Human Rights - Year 2014, Vol 8, Issue 1
Abstract
Universality is considered as one of the most important characteristics of human rights principles. The crucial problem is how the universal principles of human rights could be applied to the particular situations. This article aims to discuss on philosophical and hermeneutic basis of human rights, comparing two versions of universality, which are based on “deontological” and “teleological” conceptions. Although the distinction between these two trends is primarily current in moral philosophy, in the contemporary hermeneutics they have been accepted as two interpretative approaches. Kant’s deontological approach requires the universality of human rights interpreted within a formalistic and content-free framework, which has constituted the basis of mainstream conceptions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Criticizing the deontological view, this article defends the teleological approach toward the universality of human rights, based on contemporary philosophical hermeneutics specially Paul Ricoeur’s outlook. I argue that this approach can provide the philosophical requirements for interaction between the universality of human rights on one hand and the cultural and local contents of various societies on the other hand and offers a “thick” conception of human rights principles. چکیده جهانشمولی از مهم‌ترین ویژگی‌های حقوق بشر محسوب می‌شود و بحث از نسبت اصول جهانشمول حقوق بشر و زمینه‌های جزئی که این اصول بر آن تطبیق داده می‌شود از اهمیت فراوانی برخوردار است. مقاله حاضر به بحث از مبانی فلسفی و هرمنوتیکی جهانشمولی حقوق بشر اختصاص دارد و می‌کوشد دو قرائت از جهانشمولی را با یکدیگر مقایسه کند. تفکیک بین دو رهیافت «تکلیف‌گرا» و «غایت‌گرا» هرچند ابتدا در فلسفه اخلاق مطرح شده است، در رویکرد هرمنوتیکی معاصر به عنوان دو نگرش تفسیری متمایز مورد تفسیر مجدد قرار گرفته‌اند. نگرش تکلیف‌گرای کانت جهانشمولی حقوق بشر را برمبنایی فرمالیستی تفسیر می‌کند و طیف گسترده‌ای از روایت‌های مدرن از اصول جهانی حقوق بشر متأثر از این دریافت از جهانشمولی هستند که با خالی کردن اصول از هرگونه محتوای ارزشی و محلی می‌کوشد جهانشمولی آن را تضمین کند. مقاله از دریافتی غایت‌گرا از جهانشمولی حقوق بشر دفاع می‌کند که برگرفته از هرمنوتیک فلسفی معاصر به ویژه اندیشه‌های پل ریکور است. این نگرش مقدمات فلسفی مناسب را برای تعامل میان جهانشمولی حقوق بشر و محتوای فرهنگی و ارزشی جوامع مختلف فراهم ساخته و دریافتی «پرمایه» از اصول حقوق بشر عرضه می‌دارد.
Authors and Affiliations
Ahmad Bostani
Keywords
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