BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF SEXUALITY
Journal Title: Правовий часопис Донбасу - Year 2018, Vol 63, Issue 2
Abstract
Human sexuality is difficult to understand outside of society and culture. Equally authentic and the opposite: it is impossible to understand the way of life of society, not understanding the features of sexual behavior of its constituent individuals and how this behavior and the sexual differences are interpreted and symbolized in culture. As F. Engels noted, according to materialist understanding, the decisive moment in history is ultimately the production and reproduction of direct life. But it is this, again, it is of two kinds. On the one hand — the production of means of life: food, clothing, housing and the necessary tools for it; on the other hand — the continuation of the human race. The field of research, which can be conventionally called socio-cultural sociology, arose at the end of the nineteenth century and was initially an affair of enthusiasts, the appeal to this topic of professional ethnographers was partly due to the influence of Z. Freud and «psychological anthropology» (the theory of «culture and personality»), since many provisions of psychoanalysis were supported by references to ethnographic data. In the 20–30’s there is a series of important studies specifically devoted to sexual behavior, especially the work of the English ethnographer and sociologist Bronislaw Malinovsky and American anthropologist Margaret Mida. This problem has become much more widely covered in ethnographic descriptions and works on the history of religion and culture. K. Ford and F. Beach quantitatively enriched information about sexual behavior in 200 human societies. Anthropologist Klean Ford and Ethnologist Frank Beach in the 1951 monograph «Patterns of sexual behavior» provide information on the sexual behavior of people from different cultures and consider detailed comparisons between different species of animals with a special emphasis on primates. All these studies provided the basis for further study of the sexual behavior of humans by scientists. For example, in 1977, Johnson published a revised edition entitled «Human Sexuality in Four Aspects». A research team of researchers, including William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson, were the first researchers in the nature of the human sexual response to diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957 to the 1990s of the 20th century. In 1949, American scientists A. Kinsey and J. Murdoch built materials on how to regulate sexual behavior in single tables. A comparative analysis of the relationship between articles and their sexual behavior in 7 different societies is given in the book «The Man and the Woman» by M. Mida. The American Anthropological Association has devoted a series of large interdisciplinary symposia to sexual behavior. Of particular importance are statistical cross-cultural studies of gender and sexuality. Statistical surveys are subjected to forms of sex distribution of labor; differences in the methods of socialization and in the behavior of boys and girls; initiation and ritual of transition associated with puberty of adolescents; rules relating to abortion and extramarital affairs; the ratio of sexual settings and behavior; specific taboos and prohibitions related to female sexuality, etc. Do not fall short of ethnographers and sociologists. The sociology of marriage and family, within which traditionally studied sexual behavior, is one of the most productive branches of contemporary sociology. Sociological and demographic studies provide specific information on the styles of marriage and family life in various social environments, the dynamics of sexual behavior and the corresponding normative settings. Without this information, teachers and doctors are doomed to work blindly, and their activities sometimes give results that are opposite to the desired one. J. Breitwen’s postmodernism (The «Restored Shame» theory) considers it necessary to restore the sense of shame where it lost its meaning, without resorting to stigmatization, which defames a person. It is very important that society be in solidarity in the assessment of permissible and unauthorized, shameful and impeccable human behavior. One formal control is clearly not enough to solve such a complex social task. If the community is not involved in solving the problem of violent crime and correcting morality, then the power of the law will be reduced to a senseless set of procedures and sanctions that will be in the eyes of citizens arbitrary. If shame is a path to law-abidingness as a result of free choice, then repressive social control is the path to law- abidingness as a result of compulsory choice, that is, unreliable, short-term. The shame that reunites is a means of preventing crimes, while typing pushes the offender into a criminal subculture. Surrender of shame does not go into tribute and serves as the best means of social control. Summing up, we can assume that the sexual affiliation of an individual, even in the purely biological sense, is a complex, multilevel system, which is formed in the process of individual development. Hence the need for a conceptual differentiation of socio-normative and individual-personality aspects of behavior. Thus, each police unit should, within its competence, take precautionary measures against violent and, in particular, sexual offenses. But a positive result can only be achieved on the basis of a program-targeted approach.
Authors and Affiliations
Dmitry Tichina
Keywords
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- EP ID EP369993
- DOI 10.32366/2523-4269-2018-63-2-129-134
- Views 102
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