Epistemological “perspectives” of F. Nietzsche: dissonance, harmony and hierarchy – methodological remarks
Journal Title: Правова позиція - Year 2017, Vol 1, Issue
Abstract
The article “Epistemological “perspectives” of F. Nietzsche. Dissonance, harmony and hierarchy. Methodological remarks” considers the specificity of German thinker using perspective as symbolic form in the context of ideas about cognition. Remarked is that Nietzsche is using “perspective” rather as metaphor than theoretical construction created by artists and scientists of Renaissance epoch. Besides, metaphor of “perspective” used by him contains powerful musicology connotations, which is explained by affect of elementary theory of music upon theory of perspective as well as philosopher’s personal experience. Deviation from conventional view is interpreted by F. Nietzsche as dissonance, while harmonization of perspectives – as symphony. Discord sound either subordinates to others or organizes them as dominant ones. Therefore strife of perspectives culminates with victory of the most powerful one, which does not provide reaching of truth but optimizes its seeking and harmonizes final result. Hereof is thinker’s tolerance to various kinds of cognitive deceits that render consonance possible and allow human tolerate “the unbearable lightness of being” and severity of truth. In everything that human thinks and does through a specific angle of view one characterizes activity, definite orientation and direction. This interpretation, which enables seeing and perceiving the world, conditions human values and beliefs and determines the vector of human incentives and instincts – and at the same time, ensures survival and growth of the organism and species. Thinking, feeling, willing – these are processes of falsifying transformation, faking, assimilation of reality as a result of which instead of it appears “harmonized” reality acceptable for human. Since F. Nietzsche uses metaphor of representation of depth on surface, of great importance for him are concepts of distance, rank and hierarchy. Distance is differentiating element present in every force, thanks to which one force can be compared with others; proper distance enables adequacy of assessment. Besides, philosopher defends pathos of distance – acknowledgement of advantage as a result of which the order of rank as a place in hierarchy ensures ascent of higher values. The word hierarchy at German thinker means the difference between active and reactive forces, superiority of active forces over reactive ones; by contrast in the negative meaning hierarchy also means for him winning of reactive forces, contagious action of reactive forces and complicated organization as its consequence. Therefore, the morals, religion and law, according to Nietzsche, are theories of hierarchy in final understanding. In spite of constantly stated and defended advantage of visual experience over auditory ones, perspective ideas of Nietzsche are far from optical-geometrical constructions of Renaissance. Perspective is thought by him in “perceptive” way, while hierarchy, distance and rank are defined by the power of personal “sounding”, ability to cause resonance and harmonize sounding around itself. In the view of this, adopted from Nietzsche and further developed perspective epistemological model emphasizes first of all on moments that are obvious to ordinary “consumer”: predefined allocation of perspective of viewing and specificities of viewer himself. Other less expressive but not less important constructive elements of perspective as symbolic form (type of perspective, parameters of visual field, correlation with horizon, focus, mode of actions of mechanisms of constancy, etc.) till now mostly remain ignored, which conditions fragmentarity and eclecticity of viewing performed in perspective disposition and arouses (often fair) reproaches in relativism.
Authors and Affiliations
Д. О. Бочаров
Keywords
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