Посухостійкість різних видів гірчиці
Journal Title: Питання біоіндикації та екології - Year 2017, Vol 22, Issue 1
Abstract
Ukraine is one of the leaders in Europe in the production of vegetable oil, with the largest area occupied by sunflower (about 96 %). An alternative to this plant that has a bad effect on the soil is mustard. Due to the processes of global warming and increasing the dryness of the climate, the study of drought-tolerance of oilseeds is relevant. In this regard, the purpose of our work is to study the anatomical and physiological mechanisms of drought resistance of various species of mustard in the comparative aspect. The effects of drought were simulated in a laboratory experiment. Water deficiency; length, width, surface area and volume of chloroplasts; the degree of opening of the stomata and their number in the microscope's field of vision were measured during the experiment. The effect of drought caused a significant water shortage of plants (from 66,8 % for the cultivar Rosinka to 99,3 % for the cultivar Raduha), a decrease in the length, volume and surface area of chloroplasts. This effect was more pronounced for white mustard Raduha. In particular, the deviation from the control values by the trait «chloroplast length» was 42,5 %. The width of chloroplasts in the studied varieties under the influence of drought practically did not change. The chloroplasts of both studied cultivars of white mustard were large, which was accompanied by a decrease in the microscope's field of view. It has been established that in the conditions of water deficiency, the width of the stoma is statistically significantly lower than in the control group of all investigated cultivars. This trait was changing from 46,6 % for the cultivar Raduha to 78,4 % for the cultivar Mria. In experimental plants there were larger amount of the stomata per unit of area of the leaf (in the field of view) than in the control plants (in all four studied cultivars, but for Rosinka and Mria cultivars it was more clear). It gives the possibility to mention the formation of a xeromorphic structure of the leaves. It was established that more drought-resistant species is Brassica juncea, and its cultivar Rosinka. This variety is favourably to grow in areas with frequent droughts. According to our data, with the emerge of business needs for the cultivation of white mustard, it’s preferably to choose cultivar Talisman. В статье в сравнительном аспекте рассматриваются анатомо-физиологические характеристики засухоустойчивости 4-х сортов белой и сизой горчицы. В лабораторном эксперименте имитировали эффект засухи. Определяли водный дефицит; длину, ширину, площадь поверхности и объем хлоропластов; степень открытия устьиц и их количество в поле зрения микроскопа. Действие засухи вызывало существенный водный дефицит растений, уменьшение длины, объема и площади поверхности хлоропластов. Этот эффект был более выражен у растений белой горчицы сорта Радуга. Хлоропласты обоих исследованных сортов белой горчицы имели большие размеры, что сопровождалось уменьшением их количества в поле зрения микроскопа. Установлено, что в условиях дефицита влаги ширина устьичной щели статистически достоверно меньше по сравнению с контрольным вариантом у всех исследованных объектов. У растений опытных вариантов на единицу площади листа (в поле зрения) приходится большее количество устьиц по сравнению с контрольными растениями (у всех четырех исследованных сортов, но в большей степени подобная картина выражена у сортов Росинка и Мрия).
Authors and Affiliations
Яковлєва-Носарь С. О. , Багаченко В. С. Yakovleva-Nosar’ S. O. , Bagachenko V. S.
Keywords
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